I would do a few things:
Run a disk check software tool, this will check for bad drive sectors and overall disk performance. This will be the baseline and frontmost sanity check to see if it actually is a hard drive failure. Windows has one built in, but I have no clue on it's efficacy. There are plenty of free ones out there, CrystalDisk, HDTune, and PassMark are some of the major players. Most hard drive manufacturers also have a disk utility to check for errors as well.
Run a memory check tool. Again, this will be a sanity check for if memory is failing. Memtest86 is a nice one, and the one I use for RAM overclocking.
You should also make sure all your internals are secured properly. Unplug and replug everything (except maybe the processor/heatsink assembly). This seems to be a laptop, so probably the hard drive is the only thing you can really make sure is plugged in properly.
I would then try to do what Costello suggested with the Restore Point. You said it didn't work, but windows should have created a restore point upon first boot and setup of the system. See if restoring to that point fixes anything.
Next,
verify your Windows system integrity. If anything is wrong with the operating system itself, this should catch it.
You can try going through your device manager and making sure all your drivers are up to date, but this takes some patience with hunting them down. Windows/Microsoft may have not grabbed the proper drivers when it did an update, which may cause issues.
You always have the half-nuclear and full nuclear option of reinstalling the operating system. Windows 10 has a "refresh install" option which will preserve personal data and effectively reinstall your operating system. The other option is to completely reformat, lose all non-backed up data, and try again.
Those are the easy solutions. I keep my computer liquid enough through backups that if something goes wrong, through a virus or other things, I can reformat, and reinstall and get core functionality back up in under 2 hours. If you want to seriously try and track down the issue, you're going to need to spend time familiarizing yourself with various windows utilities, including but notwithstanding Event Manager, forcing windows to crash and writing kernel dumps, and then reading them.